Philosophy, Religion & Intellectual Sovereignty
Definition: Dissecting human philosophies from East to West (Stoicism, Daoism, primitive Buddhism), analyzing the roots of belief to uncover the core wisdom necessary for individual sovereignty.
The universe contains numbers that determine how matter behaves. The strength of gravity determines whether gas can gather into stars. Electromagnetism determines whether electrons can remain around nuclei and form atoms and chemistry. The strong nuclear force holds particles together inside nuclei. The weak nuclear force controls important reactions in stars. Particle masses, vacuum-energy density, the early expansi
A person sits before a screen with a dot turning like a clock hand. They are told to choose any moment to flick a wrist. No one forces the timing. After each movement, they report the moment when they felt they wanted to act. Meanwhile, electrodes on the scalp record brain activity. In 1983, Benjamin Libet and colleagues published a result that made an old question frightening: a preparatory brain signal appeared bef
If memory appears with a brain, can it still prove a past?
In 1981, philosopher Hilary Putnam described a specific situation: a human brain is kept alive in a container of nutrient fluid and connected to a computer. The computer sends signals that match the signals from eyes, ears, skin, and the other senses. The brain therefore sees streets, hears voices, feels pain, and remembers a childhood it never lived. If every signal matches ordinary life, what could that person use
In 1981, Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman published a study in Science about a hypothetical epidemic threatening 600 people. One group was shown an option that would save 200 people. Another group was shown an option with a one-third chance of saving all 600 and a two-thirds chance of saving nobody. The descriptions carried the same mathematical value, yet participants did not choose in the same way. When the option was expressed as lives saved, they were more cautious. When the equivalent result was expressed as lives lost, they were more willing to take the risk.
In 325 CE, Emperor Constantine summoned Christian bishops to Nicaea, the city now called İznik in Turkey. The empire had just passed through civil war. Christianity had been legalized, but major churches were divided over a precise question: was the Son of the same substance and eternal with the Father, or was he the highest created being brought into existence later?
In December 1945, near the town of Nag Hammadi in Upper Egypt, local people found a clay jar containing leather-bound books. They were not a complete hidden Bible. They were 13 codices, 13 bound volumes, preserving 46 works in 55 textual versions according to the current scholarly catalogue. The surviving copies were written in Coptic, an Egyptian language using an alphabet based on Greek, around the fourth century. Many of the works had first been composed in Greek during the second and third centuries and translated later.
In 399 BCE, in Athens, a jury convicted Socrates and required him to drink poison. Meletus brought the indictment, with the support of Anytus and Lycon. It said that Socrates did not respect the city’s gods, introduced new gods, and corrupted the young. This was not the story of a dictator killing someone by personal order. It was a case taken through the courts of a direct democracy, while Athens was still frightened by defeat, coups, and people who wanted to break the city’s order.
In Book VII of the Republic, Plato describes people chained inside a cave since childhood. They cannot turn their heads, so they see only the wall in front of them. A fire burns behind them. Between the fire and the prisoners, other people carry statues, objects, and models along a passage. The fire casts those objects' shadows on the wall. The prisoners hear echoes and believe the shadows and echoes are the whole world.